1. LC bandpass filter
1.a. Study tour
To obtain the Bode diagram of the frequency response, the LC filter is connected to the SysamSP5 analog / digital converter.
The values used are R = 1.0kΩ, C = 1.0μF and L = 47mH.
1.b. Acquisition program
The Eurosmart SysamSP5 converter is controlled with the pycan module.
import pycan.main as pycan
import numpy
import math
import time
The following function performs the analysis of the filter at a given frequency, for a chosen amplitude of the input sine wave. It returns the gain in decibels, the cosine of the phase shift and the phase shift.
def analyser(sys,f,a):
print("Frequence = %f"%f)
ne = 50
T=1.0/f
te=T/ne
v1 = numpy.zeros(ne,numpy.double)
for k in range(ne):
phi = 2*math.pi/ne*k
v1[k] = a*math.sin(phi)
sys.config_sortie(1,te*10**6,v1,-1)
sys.config_entrees([0,1],[10.0,10.0])
np=100 # nombre de périodes de l'acquisition
nea = ne*np
duree = nea*te
sys.config_echantillon(te*10**6,nea)
sys.declencher_sorties(1,0)
time.sleep(1) # régime transitoire
sys.acquerir() # première acquisition pour connaitre l'amplitude de la sortie
sys.stopper_sorties(1,0)
t=sys.temps()
u=sys.entrees()
max1 = u[1].max()
sys.config_entrees([0,1],[10.0,max1]) # ajustement du gain pour la sortie
sys.config_echantillon(te*10**6,nea)
sys.declencher_sorties(1,0)
time.sleep(1) # régime transitoire
sys.acquerir()
sys.stopper_sorties(1,0)
t=sys.temps()
u=sys.entrees()
mu0 = numpy.mean(u[0])
mu1 = numpy.mean(u[1])
rms0 = numpy.std(u[0])
rms1 = numpy.std(u[1])
g = rms1/rms0
gdb = 20.0*math.log10(g)
print("GdB = %f"%(gdb))
cosphi = numpy.mean((u[0]-mu0)*(u[1]-mu1))/(rms0*rms1)
print("cosphi = %f"%cosphi)
phi = math.acos(cosphi)*180.0/math.pi
print("phi = %f deg"%phi)
return gdb,cosphi,phi
We open the interface with the SysamSP5, we generate the table of frequencies and we carry out the calculation loop. The results are saved in a file.
sys = pycan.Sysam("SP5")
freq = numpy.logspace(start=2,stop=4,num=80)
gdb = numpy.zeros(freq.size,dtype=numpy.float32)
cosphi = numpy.zeros(freq.size,dtype=numpy.float32)
phi = numpy.zeros(freq.size,dtype=numpy.float32)
amplitude = 1.0 # à choisir en fonction du filtre, pour ne pas dépasser 10 V en sortie
for k in range(freq.size):
gdb[k],cosphi[k],phi[k] = analyser(sys,freq[k],amplitude)
sys.fermer()
numpy.savetxt("filtrePasseBande.txt",[freq,gdb,cosphi])
1.c. Bode diagram
The experimental points are represented in the form of a Bode diagram for the gain in decibels and the cosine of the phase shift. A transfer function is defined by adding an internal resistance r to the inductor. The parameters L, C and r are adjusted to obtain the superposition of the curves with the experimental points.
import numpy as np
import math
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cmath
[freq,gdb,cosphi] =np.loadtxt("filtrePasseBande.txt") R=1000 C=0.98e-6 L=44e-3 r=30 def H(f): # fonction de transfert du filtre w=2*math.pi*f z=1.0/(1.0/(1j*L*w+r)+1j*C*w) return z/(R+z) def GdB(f): return 20*np.log10(np.absolute(H(f))) def CosPhi(f): return math.cos(cmath.phase(H(f))) ufunc_cosphi = np.frompyfunc(CosPhi,1,1) freq_theo = np.logspace(start=2,stop=4,num=1000) gdb_theo = GdB(freq_theo) cosphi_theo = ufunc_cosphi(freq_theo) plt.figure() plt.semilogx(freq,gdb,'ro') plt.semilogx(freq_theo,gdb_theo) plt.xlabel("f (Hz)") plt.ylabel("G") plt.figure() plt.semilogx(freq,cosphi,'ro') plt.semilogx(freq_theo,cosphi_theo) plt.xlabel("f (Hz)") plt.ylabel("cos(phi)") plt.show()
2. LC Oscillator
2.a. Study tour
The oscillator is built from the previous filter. For this, the output of the filter is amplified to be applied to the input. The gain of the amplifier must compensate for the maximum gain of the filter, ie -4 dB. It must therefore have a gain G = 1.6 approximately. A potentiometer allows fine adjustment of the gain.
2.b. Analysis program
The program acquires the input (channel EA0) and the output (channel EA1) of the filter. Spectral analysis of the output is performed.
import pycan.main as pycan
import numpy
import math
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy.fft
sys = pycan.Sysam("SP5")
te=10.0e-6
ne=100000
duree=te*ne
sys.config_entrees([0,1],[10.0,10.0])
sys.config_echantillon(te*1e6,ne)
sys.acquerir()
t=sys.temps()
u=sys.entrees()
sys.fermer()
tfd=numpy.fft.fft(u[1])
f=numpy.arange(tfd.size)
for k in range(f.size):
f[k] = 1.0*k/duree
spectre=20*numpy.log10(numpy.absolute(tfd))
plt.figure()
plt.plot(t[0],u[0],label="EA0")
plt.plot(t[1],u[1],label="EA1")
plt.xlabel("t (s)")
plt.ylabel("u (V)")
plt.axis([0,0.01,-10.0,10.0])
plt.grid()
plt.legend()
plt.figure()
plt.plot(f,spectre)
plt.axis([0,10000.0,0,numpy.amax(spectre)])
plt.grid()
plt.xlabel("f (Hz)")
plt.ylabel("A")
plt.show()
2.c. Oscillations analysis
In the first example, the gain of the amplifier is adjusted to obtain sinusoidal oscillations at the output of the amplifier (at the input of the filter).
The spectrum shows an almost harmonic oscillation. A third order harmonic with an amplitude -60 dB is observed with respect to the fundamental.
In the second example, the gain is adjusted to obtain saturation at the output of the amplifier.
This setting has the advantage of being more stable than the previous one. The relatively high quality factor of the filter (around 4.5) enables an almost sinusoidal oscillation to be obtained at the output of the filter, with a distortion rate of less than -50 dB.
